沒寫遺囑怎麼分?有遺囑就能想給誰就給誰?一篇看懂法定繼承、應繼分與特留分

許多家庭真正的風險,不是「沒有資產」,而是「沒有規劃」。在台灣,遺產分配不只是家務事,更是法律與稅務的交集。本文由專業會計師角度出發,帶您快速掌握遺產分配的遊戲規則。

一、 沒寫遺囑:由法律決定「誰能拿」與「拿多少」

當沒有有效遺囑時,法律會啟動「法定繼承」機制。

1. 誰是繼承人?

配偶是當然繼承人(一定有份),其餘親屬依下列順序遞補:

  1. 第一順位: 直系血親卑親屬(子女、孫子女)。若子女先於父母過世,則由孫子女「代位繼承」。
  2. 第二順位: 父母。
  3. 第三順位: 兄弟姊妹。
  4. 第四順位: 祖父母。

會計師提醒: 只要前一順位有人,後一順位就完全拿不到。

 

2. 應繼分表
繼承人組合 配偶的應繼分 其他人的應繼分
配偶 + 子女 與子女均分 全體子女均分剩餘部分
配偶 + 父母 1/2 父母合計分剩餘的 1/2
配偶 + 兄弟姊妹 1/2 兄弟姊妹合計分剩餘的 1/2
配偶 + 祖父母 2/3 祖父母合計分剩餘的 1/3
只有配偶 全部

 

二、 有寫遺囑:雖然能「重新分配」,但有「底線」

法律尊重個人意願,但為了保障家屬的基本生活,設有「特留分」制度。

1. 什麼是特留分?

這是法律強制留給繼承人的「最低門檻」。就算遺囑寫著「財產全部留給長子」,其他具備繼承權的家屬仍可主張領回特留分的金額。

2. 特留分比例一覽表
繼承人身分 特留分計算方式
配偶、子女、父母 應繼分的 1/2
兄弟姊妹、祖父母 應繼分的 1/3


試算案例:遺產 1,200 萬,繼承人為配偶與兩名子女(應繼分各 400 萬)。

若遺囑寫「全部給配偶」,子女每人的特留分為 400萬 * 1/2 = 200萬。

結論: 子女依法仍可主張拿回各 200 萬。

三、 會計師觀點:遺產規劃中被忽略的 3 個關鍵

1. 配偶的「剩餘財產差額分配請求權」

在算遺產分配前,生存配偶可先主張分配夫妻婚後財產的差額。這筆錢不列入遺產總額,既能減少遺產稅,又能增加配偶實質取得的資產,且不受其他繼承人特留分的挑戰。

2. 「分得公平」不代表「好執行」

最常遇到的糾紛是:一間房子由配偶與三名子女「共有」。

風險: 未來要變賣、出租、貸款,都需要全體同意。

會計師建議,應透過遺囑進行「資產類別指定」(例如:房子給配偶,現金給子女),而非單純比例分配。

3. 贈與後的「擬制遺產」

很多人想在生前把財產移轉以避開特留分。但要注意,被繼承人死亡前 2 年內贈與給配偶及各順位繼承人的財產,在稅法上仍需併入遺產總額課徵遺產稅。

 

四、 會計師的傳承建議

一個成功的傳承規劃,必須兼顧「法律效力」、「稅務優化」與「家庭和諧」。

  1. 資產盤點: 釐清名下哪些是土地、股權、現金或海外資產,其課稅價值與市價大不同。
  2. 預留稅源: 避免繼承人面臨「空有房產卻沒現金繳遺產稅」的困境,保險通常是很好的工具。

專業規劃: 遺囑若要百分之百有效,建議採取「公證遺囑」,並諮詢會計師關於遺產稅的預估,避免傳承變成爭產的開始。

Scroll to Top

Establishment of a Taiwan Branch by Foreign Entities: Process & Required Documents

1) Phase 1: Pre-operation Preparation and Qualification Review from Abroad

  1. Company Name Reservation and Scope of Business Pre-examination (Administration of Commerce, Ministry of Economic Affairs)
  • Priority must be given to the Chinese translation of the foreign parent company's name. The fixed format must prepend "Foreign Merchant [Nationality of Parent Company]" and append "Taiwan Branch" (e.g., Foreign Merchant ○○ Co., Ltd. Taiwan Branch).
  • Required items :1–3 proposed company names; 2–10 business items (negative list).
  1. Document Preparation for Foreign Parent Company
  • Required Documents :
    • Foreign Corporate Qualification Proof Documents (direct submission of official copies): Certificate of Corporate Qualification, official registration/declaration documents required for anti-money laundering (AML) as mentioned above, register of directors/shareholders, and copies of passports or identification documents of relevant personnel.
    • Foreign Capital Status Declaration: Must be physically signed by all relevant personnel, certifying that they do not hold Mainland China capital status and comply with laws and regulations (if the Person in Charge and the Manager are different people, both must sign separate forms).
    • Power of Attorney (POA): Must be stamped with a page-spanning seal (if different people, the POA must explicitly state the dual authorization text).
  • Direct Submission: Authorized signatories can sign and seal directly, and submit for review "without undergoing any notarization or legalization beforehand." In practice, there is a very high probability of direct approval and issuance of the Phase 1 Supplementation Letter. (Note: If the competent authority randomly checks and requests legalization later, you can then commission a local notary public and verify it through the overseas mission/office.)
  1. Submission of Phase 1 Registration: Requesting the "Operating Capital Supplementation Letter"
  • Process:Submit the approved Name Reservation Form, the identity documents of both parties mentioned above, the POA, and foreign corporate qualification proof documents to the "Administration of Commerce, Ministry of Economic Affairs" for review.
  • Result:Successfully obtain the "Phase 1 Supplementation Letter" from the Ministry of Economic Affairs.

2) Phase 2: Localizing Taiwan Identity and Bank Account Opening

  1. Obtaining the Visa and UI Number
  • Process:Process: The person opening the account in Taiwan (usually the Manager) applies for a Taiwan visa ➔ obtains a valid resident or visitor visa (or relevant entry/exit permit). After entering Taiwan (or via the online system), present the passport and relevant visa to the National Immigration Agency, Ministry of the Interior, to apply for the "Record of UI Number for Foreign Nationals."
  • Note: If the Person in Charge and the Manager are different people, the big boss remaining abroad (Person in Charge A) must still commission a Taiwan agent via paper documents to apply to the Immigration Agency for Person A's own "Record of UI Number." The UI numbers of both individuals must be ready at the time of submission.
  1. Pre-examination of Taipei City Business Premises Address and Signing Lease Agreement
  • Business Premises Address Pre-examination (Department of Urban Development / Building Administration Office): Taipei City strictly enforces land use zoning regulations. Before officially signing a lease agreement, make sure to submit an address pre-examination through the "Taipei City Commercial Office Business Premises Review System" to avoid failing registration later due to non-compliance, which could result in a total loss of high deposits, rent, and decoration costs.
  • Required items :Building Ownership Certificate or Building Registration Transcript (Category 2 Transcript).
  • Signing Lease:Formally sign a contract with the landlord after passing the pre-examination (the lease should state that it is for the branch office's business use).
  • Documents to Obtain:Building owner's consent letter and a copy of the latest house tax bill (or ownership certificate).
  1. Opening a Bank "Preparatory Office" Account for the Branch
  • Account Name:The format is fixed as "Foreign Merchant [Parent Company Name] Co., Ltd. Taiwan Branch Preparatory Office".
  • Required items :Required items: Original copy of the "Supplementation Letter" from the Administration of Commerce, the approved Company Name Reservation Form, original IDs of the account opener (passport, Record of UI Number, relevant visa), (if different people, add Person in Charge A's passport and Record of UI Number), original POA from the parent company explicitly authorizing account opening, parent company foreign corporate qualification proof documents, registers of shareholders/directors, ownership structure chart of ultimate beneficiaries, and the preparatory office small stamp for bank use (usually the Manager's personal stamp if they are different people).

3) Phase 3: Influx of Capital and CPA Certification

  1. Inward Remittance of "Operating Capital" and Foreign Exchange Settlement (Bank)
  • Process:Process: The foreign parent company account remits the operating capital into the preparatory office account in Taiwan.
  • Attention:During foreign exchange settlement, you must request and safely keep the "Inward Remittance Advice" and "Foreign Exchange Purchase Memorandum" (the nature of settlement must be marked as "310 Operating Capital"). The beneficiary name must perfectly match the branch office name.
  • Applying for Balance Certificate:On the day following the deposit of operating capital, apply to the bank for a Certificate of Deposit Balance.
  1. CPA Audit and Certification of Operating Capital
  • Legal Basis:According to Article 5 of the Regulations Governing Certified Public Accountants' Auditing and Certification of Registered Capital of Companies, the establishment of a branch office must be certified by a CPA.

Required items :Required items: Original Bank Certificate of Deposit Balance, copy of the preparatory office bankbook cover, stamped page, and inner pages (including remittance and settlement records), copies of the Inward Remittance Advice and Foreign Exchange Purchase Memorandum, copy of the Ministry of Economic Affairs Supplementation Letter, parent company foreign corporate qualification proof documents, and the branch office establishment registration form.

4) Phase 4: Final Approval and Launch of Daily Operations

  1. Submission of Phase 2 Supplementation ➔ Obtaining the Unified Business Number (UBN)
  • Process:Process: Return the "Inward Remittance Advice," "Foreign Exchange Purchase Memorandum," "CPA Capital Audit Report," along with the Records of UI Number, passports, ID copies of relevant personnel, and physically signed declarations/letters of undertaking to the Ministry of Economic Affairs for supplementation.
  • Result:Result: Officially receive the approval letter for the establishment of the foreign company's Taiwan branch and obtain the Unified Business Number (UBN).
  1. Business Registration (Tax Registration) (National Taxation Bureaus, Ministry of Finance)
  • Process:Process: Apply for tax registration at the local National Taxation Bureau branch or office where the branch is located to obtain the business tax filing status.
  1. Activation of Invoices
  • E-Invoices:Register on the Ministry of Finance's E-Invoice Integrated Service Platform and apply for e-invoice track numbers.
  • Paper Invoices:Apply to the National Taxation Bureau for a "Unified Invoice Purchasing Certificate" to purchase paper invoices.
  • Required items :Required items: Original approval letter from the Administration of Commerce, original company registration form, original tax registration approval letter, original dual IDs of the person in charge, official company stamps (large and small), invoice stamp, etc.
  1. Converting "Preparatory Account" into "Official Company Account" (Bank)
  • Process:Process: The account opener goes to the original bank to officially rename and convert the preparatory office account into an official branch office bank account. Only at this stage can funds be freely utilized.
  • Required items :Required items: Original approval letter from the Ministry of Economic Affairs, original branch office establishment registration form, copy of the tax registration approval letter, dual IDs of the account opener, and official corporate stamps (large and small).
  1. Subsequent Daily Operations Work
  • 14.1 Certification for Administration and Commerce (MOEACA IC Card):Apply at the MOEA Certification Authority for online tax filing, labor/health insurance, e-invoicing, and other operations.
  • 14.2 Import/Export Exporter/Importer Registration:If engaged in trading business, register with the International Trade Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs. According to Article 4 of the Regulations Governing Registration of Exporters and Importers, the English name of the branch must indicate its nationality and branch status (e.g., must include the nationality name and the "Taiwan Branch" text), otherwise it will be rejected.
  • 14.3 Establishing Insured Units:Set up labor insurance, health insurance, and labor pension contribution accounts with the Bureau of Labor Insurance and the National Health Insurance Administration.
  • 14.4 Work Permit and Residency: Apply to the Ministry of Labor for a foreigner work permit for the branch manager. Once obtained, the manager can apply to or change their long-term Alien Residence Certificate (ARC) at the Immigration Agency to legally reside, work, and live in Taiwan.