小規模營業人、特殊營業人「何時要開始開立統一發票」——專業解析與實務判斷

對於小規模營業人而言,「何時該開發票」不僅是法規遵循問題,更是經營成本的轉折點。以下依據最新稅法與函釋,為您整理判斷標準、優化流程,並揭露潛在的稅務風險。

 

一、 核心概念:三大類營業人屬性對照

 

為了快速釐清您的稅務身分,請參考下表:

屬性分類 定義與標準 稅率 發票開立義務
1. 小規模營業人 規模狹小、交易零星、月銷售額未達 20 萬元 1%
(查定課徵)
免用統一發票
(開立收據)
2. 特殊性質營業人 性質特殊 (如豆漿、冰果、自助餐、排骨飯等大眾餐飲),稽徵機關不受 20 萬限制,維持查定課徵。 1%
(查定課徵)
原則免用
但若具備「五大能力」則強執使用
3. 使用發票營業人 月銷售額 20 萬元以上,或經核定具備使用發票能力者。 5%

 

必須開立統一發票

 

二、 實務判斷:兩大「觸發機制」


什麼時候該從「免用」轉為「使用」發票?請檢視這兩把尺:


A. 金額觸發:一般行業的硬指標
  • 標準: 最近半年平均每月銷售額達到 新臺幣 20 萬元
  • 行動: 這是剛性門檻。一旦穩定達標,應主動申請變更。
  • 會計師提醒: 國稅局看的是「平均」與「趨勢」。切勿因為單月淡季低於 20萬就自認沒事;若長期趨勢向上,應及早規劃。

B. 能力觸發:特殊餐飲業的「五大天條」

針對大眾化餐飲業(如便當、甜點、手搖飲等),即使銷售額未達 20 萬,只要具備以下任一能力(代表您已有現代化管理能力),國稅局即可核定您使用統一發票:

       
    財政部核定關鍵五指標(負面表列):

  1. 連鎖或加盟經營: 無論是總部或加盟店。
  2. 電子系統管理: 使用電子點餐、座位管理、取餐單/號碼
                              機。
  3. 網路銷售: 透過官網、外送平台 (UberEats)、直播銷
                      售。
  4. 電子收銀/帳務: 以收銀機開立收據、或用電腦系統管控
                              帳務。
  5. 其他跡象: 依營業狀況、商譽、季節性,足認有使用發票
                      能力。

Conclusion : 如果您是賣吃的,且導入了 POS 機或加入了外送平台,就算月營收只有 15 萬,也有極高機率被要求開發票。

 

 

三、 風險揭露:未主動變更的「處罰與代價」


這是您最需要關注的部分。如果您符合上述條件卻心存僥倖,被國稅局查獲的代價將遠高於「乖乖繳稅」。

 

1. 補稅:追溯期長,稅率暴增

若被查獲實際銷售額已達標,國稅局將進行「實質課稅」:

  • 稅率差異: 原本查定課徵是 1%,被抓到後,隱匿的銷售額將改按 5% 計算補徵。
  • 進項無法扣抵: 正常開立發票(5%)時,您的進貨發票(進項稅額)可以扣抵銷項稅額。但在「被查獲補稅」的計算中,往往因缺乏合規憑證,導致無法扣抵,變成需全額補繳 5% 銷售稅。
2. 罰鍰:行為罰與漏稅罰擇一從重

依據《加值型及非加值型營業稅法》第 51 條及《稅捐稽徵法》第 44 條:

  • 漏稅罰: 除追繳稅款外,按所漏稅額處 5 倍以下罰鍰。
  • 行為罰: 未依規定給與他人憑證(未開發票),處銷售額 5% 的罰鍰。
  • 實務後果: 即使是第一次被抓,通常也會面臨 0.5 倍 ~ 1 倍 的漏稅罰鍰。連補帶罰,總金額非常可觀。
3. 核課期間的追殺

稅捐的核課期間通常為 5 年(若涉及故意以詐欺或其他不正當方法逃漏稅捐則為 7 年)。這意味著國稅局可以一次追補過去 5 年少繳的稅款與罰金。

4. 喪失「擴大書審」資格(營所稅影響)

小規模營業人通常在年底申報營所稅時適用簡單的「純益率」計算。一旦被查獲逃漏稅,可能被列為「異常案件」,導致您的年度營所稅面臨「查帳」(需提示詳細帳簿憑證),若帳務不全,將被依「同業利潤標準」(通常淨利率較高)核定所得稅。

 

 

四、 決策樹:一分鐘自我檢測


請依序回答以下問題,決定您的下一步:

  1. 我是不是「大眾化餐飲」業者?
    • → 進入第 2 題。
    • → 跳至第 3 題。
  2. 我有沒有以下特徵?(連鎖加盟、使用 POS 機/點餐機、做外送平台/網購)
    • 有任一項【紅燈】高機率需改用發票,請立即諮詢會計師
                            協助申請。
    • 完全沒有 → 仍屬查定課徵(1%),但需監控營業額。
  3. 我最近半年的平均月銷售額是否接近或超過 20 萬?
    • 是 (已達標)【紅燈】 請主動申請改用發票。
    • 否 (約 18-19 萬)【黃燈】 屬危險邊緣,建議預先準備發票
                                      系統,或控管營收。
    • 否 (遠低於 20 萬)【綠燈】 維持現狀,免用發票。

 

五、 轉型建議與行動清單


若您確定需要轉換,請別把它當成壞事。使用統一發票雖然稅率變 5%,但也帶來了「進項可扣抵」、「公司正規化」、「易於融資」等優點。

下一步您可以怎麼做?

  1. 準備轉換: 聯絡您的會計師,辦理「變更課稅方式」申請。
  2. 評估成本: 開始蒐集所有進貨、租金、水電的「載有統編的發票」
                      ,這些未來都能幫您抵稅。
  3. 系統建置: 決定要用傳統手開、收銀機,還是導入電子發票(推薦
                      電子發票,未來趨勢且管理方便)。
  4. 價格策略: 您的售價可能需要調整(含稅價),請提早規劃並公告
                      消費者,避免漲價爭議。
Scroll to Top

Establishment of a Taiwan Branch by Foreign Entities: Process & Required Documents

1) Phase 1: Pre-operation Preparation and Qualification Review from Abroad

  1. Company Name Reservation and Scope of Business Pre-examination (Administration of Commerce, Ministry of Economic Affairs)
  • Priority must be given to the Chinese translation of the foreign parent company's name. The fixed format must prepend "Foreign Merchant [Nationality of Parent Company]" and append "Taiwan Branch" (e.g., Foreign Merchant ○○ Co., Ltd. Taiwan Branch).
  • Required items :1–3 proposed company names; 2–10 business items (negative list).
  1. Document Preparation for Foreign Parent Company
  • Required Documents :
    • Foreign Corporate Qualification Proof Documents (direct submission of official copies): Certificate of Corporate Qualification, official registration/declaration documents required for anti-money laundering (AML) as mentioned above, register of directors/shareholders, and copies of passports or identification documents of relevant personnel.
    • Foreign Capital Status Declaration: Must be physically signed by all relevant personnel, certifying that they do not hold Mainland China capital status and comply with laws and regulations (if the Person in Charge and the Manager are different people, both must sign separate forms).
    • Power of Attorney (POA): Must be stamped with a page-spanning seal (if different people, the POA must explicitly state the dual authorization text).
  • Direct Submission: Authorized signatories can sign and seal directly, and submit for review "without undergoing any notarization or legalization beforehand." In practice, there is a very high probability of direct approval and issuance of the Phase 1 Supplementation Letter. (Note: If the competent authority randomly checks and requests legalization later, you can then commission a local notary public and verify it through the overseas mission/office.)
  1. Submission of Phase 1 Registration: Requesting the "Operating Capital Supplementation Letter"
  • Process:Submit the approved Name Reservation Form, the identity documents of both parties mentioned above, the POA, and foreign corporate qualification proof documents to the "Administration of Commerce, Ministry of Economic Affairs" for review.
  • Result:Successfully obtain the "Phase 1 Supplementation Letter" from the Ministry of Economic Affairs.

2) Phase 2: Localizing Taiwan Identity and Bank Account Opening

  1. Obtaining the Visa and UI Number
  • Process:Process: The person opening the account in Taiwan (usually the Manager) applies for a Taiwan visa ➔ obtains a valid resident or visitor visa (or relevant entry/exit permit). After entering Taiwan (or via the online system), present the passport and relevant visa to the National Immigration Agency, Ministry of the Interior, to apply for the "Record of UI Number for Foreign Nationals."
  • Note: If the Person in Charge and the Manager are different people, the big boss remaining abroad (Person in Charge A) must still commission a Taiwan agent via paper documents to apply to the Immigration Agency for Person A's own "Record of UI Number." The UI numbers of both individuals must be ready at the time of submission.
  1. Pre-examination of Taipei City Business Premises Address and Signing Lease Agreement
  • Business Premises Address Pre-examination (Department of Urban Development / Building Administration Office): Taipei City strictly enforces land use zoning regulations. Before officially signing a lease agreement, make sure to submit an address pre-examination through the "Taipei City Commercial Office Business Premises Review System" to avoid failing registration later due to non-compliance, which could result in a total loss of high deposits, rent, and decoration costs.
  • Required items :Building Ownership Certificate or Building Registration Transcript (Category 2 Transcript).
  • Signing Lease:Formally sign a contract with the landlord after passing the pre-examination (the lease should state that it is for the branch office's business use).
  • Documents to Obtain:Building owner's consent letter and a copy of the latest house tax bill (or ownership certificate).
  1. Opening a Bank "Preparatory Office" Account for the Branch
  • Account Name:The format is fixed as "Foreign Merchant [Parent Company Name] Co., Ltd. Taiwan Branch Preparatory Office".
  • Required items :Required items: Original copy of the "Supplementation Letter" from the Administration of Commerce, the approved Company Name Reservation Form, original IDs of the account opener (passport, Record of UI Number, relevant visa), (if different people, add Person in Charge A's passport and Record of UI Number), original POA from the parent company explicitly authorizing account opening, parent company foreign corporate qualification proof documents, registers of shareholders/directors, ownership structure chart of ultimate beneficiaries, and the preparatory office small stamp for bank use (usually the Manager's personal stamp if they are different people).

3) Phase 3: Influx of Capital and CPA Certification

  1. Inward Remittance of "Operating Capital" and Foreign Exchange Settlement (Bank)
  • Process:Process: The foreign parent company account remits the operating capital into the preparatory office account in Taiwan.
  • Attention:During foreign exchange settlement, you must request and safely keep the "Inward Remittance Advice" and "Foreign Exchange Purchase Memorandum" (the nature of settlement must be marked as "310 Operating Capital"). The beneficiary name must perfectly match the branch office name.
  • Applying for Balance Certificate:On the day following the deposit of operating capital, apply to the bank for a Certificate of Deposit Balance.
  1. CPA Audit and Certification of Operating Capital
  • Legal Basis:According to Article 5 of the Regulations Governing Certified Public Accountants' Auditing and Certification of Registered Capital of Companies, the establishment of a branch office must be certified by a CPA.

Required items :Required items: Original Bank Certificate of Deposit Balance, copy of the preparatory office bankbook cover, stamped page, and inner pages (including remittance and settlement records), copies of the Inward Remittance Advice and Foreign Exchange Purchase Memorandum, copy of the Ministry of Economic Affairs Supplementation Letter, parent company foreign corporate qualification proof documents, and the branch office establishment registration form.

4) Phase 4: Final Approval and Launch of Daily Operations

  1. Submission of Phase 2 Supplementation ➔ Obtaining the Unified Business Number (UBN)
  • Process:Process: Return the "Inward Remittance Advice," "Foreign Exchange Purchase Memorandum," "CPA Capital Audit Report," along with the Records of UI Number, passports, ID copies of relevant personnel, and physically signed declarations/letters of undertaking to the Ministry of Economic Affairs for supplementation.
  • Result:Result: Officially receive the approval letter for the establishment of the foreign company's Taiwan branch and obtain the Unified Business Number (UBN).
  1. Business Registration (Tax Registration) (National Taxation Bureaus, Ministry of Finance)
  • Process:Process: Apply for tax registration at the local National Taxation Bureau branch or office where the branch is located to obtain the business tax filing status.
  1. Activation of Invoices
  • E-Invoices:Register on the Ministry of Finance's E-Invoice Integrated Service Platform and apply for e-invoice track numbers.
  • Paper Invoices:Apply to the National Taxation Bureau for a "Unified Invoice Purchasing Certificate" to purchase paper invoices.
  • Required items :Required items: Original approval letter from the Administration of Commerce, original company registration form, original tax registration approval letter, original dual IDs of the person in charge, official company stamps (large and small), invoice stamp, etc.
  1. Converting "Preparatory Account" into "Official Company Account" (Bank)
  • Process:Process: The account opener goes to the original bank to officially rename and convert the preparatory office account into an official branch office bank account. Only at this stage can funds be freely utilized.
  • Required items :Required items: Original approval letter from the Ministry of Economic Affairs, original branch office establishment registration form, copy of the tax registration approval letter, dual IDs of the account opener, and official corporate stamps (large and small).
  1. Subsequent Daily Operations Work
  • 14.1 Certification for Administration and Commerce (MOEACA IC Card):Apply at the MOEA Certification Authority for online tax filing, labor/health insurance, e-invoicing, and other operations.
  • 14.2 Import/Export Exporter/Importer Registration:If engaged in trading business, register with the International Trade Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs. According to Article 4 of the Regulations Governing Registration of Exporters and Importers, the English name of the branch must indicate its nationality and branch status (e.g., must include the nationality name and the "Taiwan Branch" text), otherwise it will be rejected.
  • 14.3 Establishing Insured Units:Set up labor insurance, health insurance, and labor pension contribution accounts with the Bureau of Labor Insurance and the National Health Insurance Administration.
  • 14.4 Work Permit and Residency: Apply to the Ministry of Labor for a foreigner work permit for the branch manager. Once obtained, the manager can apply to or change their long-term Alien Residence Certificate (ARC) at the Immigration Agency to legally reside, work, and live in Taiwan.