想用前10年虧損抵稅?符合「情節輕微」還不夠,有這紀錄直接被否決!

一、給老闆看得懂的一段話摘要

公司如果前幾年有賠錢(虧損),可以留著抵以後賺錢年度的稅,這叫做「盈虧互抵」。但財政部北區國稅局提醒:這個優惠是有門檻的!除了帳要記清楚、如期申報外,最關鍵的是「不能有不正當逃漏稅行為」。

如果你為了省稅去買假發票、虛列成本,就算逃漏稅的金額很少(比例低於 5%),只要被認定是「故意的詐術」,國稅局就會直接取消你的虧損扣除權利,讓你得不償失。


二、重點整理

  1. 什麼是「前10年虧損扣除」?

簡單說,就是拿以前賠的錢,來抵現在賺的錢,讓應稅所得變少。

但必須同時符合以下 4 個條件:

  • 身分限制: 必須是「公司組織」(獨資、合夥不行)。
  • 帳冊條件: 會計帳冊簿據完備。
  • 申報型態: 虧損年跟賺錢年,都要是經「會計師查核簽證」。
  • 申報期限: 必須「如期申報」。
  1. 什麼叫「情節輕微」?(原本的寬限條款)

如果公司不小心漏報了一些收入,還能用虧損扣除嗎?

根據財政部函釋,只要符合以下條件,算「情節輕微」,還是可以抵稅:

  • 條件 A: 短漏稅額不超過 10 萬元
  • 條件 B: 短漏報所得額占全年所得額比例不超過 5%
  • 關鍵前提: 且未以詐術或其他不正當方法逃漏稅捐。
  1. 魔鬼藏在細節裡:即使比例小,用「詐術」就出局!

很多老闆以為「只要漏稅比例在 5% 以內就沒事」,這是大錯特錯。

國稅局強調:「比例小」只是門檻之一,一旦你的手段是「不正當」(如買
                      假發票),就算只漏報 1 塊錢,也不算情節輕微,直接否准虧
                      損扣除。

  1. 慘痛案例:為了省 160 萬稅,賠掉 1,200 萬的抵稅權

北區國稅局查獲案例:

  • 公司狀況: 甲公司賺了 2 億元,想用以前的虧損抵掉 1,200 萬元。
  • 違規行為: 為了少繳點稅,甲公司拿了 800 萬元的假發票虛列成本。
  • 比例計算: 漏報 800 萬 ÷ 總所得 2.08 億 = 3.8%(低於 5%,看起來
                      符合輕微標準)。
  • 最終判決: 雖然比例低,但因為是用「假發票」這種不正當方法,國
                      稅局認定不適用虧損扣除。
  • 代價: 補稅 + 罰款 + 1,200 萬虧損扣除額全部作廢


三、會計師小提醒

  1. 「虧損扣除」是特權,不是權利

在稅法上,「盈虧互抵」被視為一種對誠實納稅義務人的獎勵。所以國稅局對此審核非常嚴格,只要你的誠信(帳冊完備度)被打折,這個獎勵隨時會被收回。

  1. 什麼是「不正當方法」?

除了買假發票外,常見的還有:

  • 虛列員工薪資(報人頭)。
  • 虛列交際費、旅費(拿家人的消費發票來報公司帳)。
  • 漏開統一發票並隱匿收入(內外帳差異巨大)。
    這些行為在國稅局眼中都屬於「故意」且「不正當」,一旦查獲,絕對沒有「情節輕微」的空間。
  1. 實務建議:別因小失大

如果您的公司帳上累積了幾千萬的虧損扣除額(這可是潛在的現金資產!),在做任何節稅規劃時請務必謹慎。

不要為了貪圖幾十萬的小便宜(如塞一點假費用),結果害得幾千萬的虧損扣除資格被取消。請定期請會計師審視帳務合規性,確保這項「抵稅資產」的安全。

四、相關法令整理

法規名稱 關鍵條文 重點說明
所得稅法 第 39 條 規定只有「帳冊完備」且「簽證/藍色申報」的公司,才能用前 10 年的虧損來抵今年的稅。
所得稅法 第 21 條 不是有記帳就好,必須依規定取得合法憑證。拿假發票入帳,就是帳冊不完備。
財政部函釋 83.7.13 台財稅第831601175號 雖然給了 5% 或 10 萬元的容錯空間,但設下了一個天條:「不得使用詐術」。這條函釋是本案判決的核心依據。


五、官方新聞稿原文

(以下內容引用自財政部北區國稅局新聞稿)

標題:會計帳冊簿據完備,方得適用前10年虧損扣除規定

財政部北區國稅局表示,營利事業以往年度營業之虧損,不得列入本年度計算扣除,但公司組織之營利事業,其會計帳冊簿據完備,虧損及申報扣除年度均使用藍色申報書或經會計師查核簽證,並如期申報者,得將經該管稽徵機關核定之前10年內各期虧損,自本年純益額中扣除後,再行核課。

該局指出,營利事業依所得稅法第39條規定適用以前年度虧損扣除者,其虧損及申報扣除年度均應符合「會計帳冊簿據完備」之要件。所稱「會計帳冊簿據完備」,依同法第21條規定,營利事業應保持足以正確計算其營利事業所得額之帳簿憑證及會計紀錄,帳簿憑證及會計紀錄應依財政部訂頒稅捐稽徵機關管理營利事業會計帳簿憑證辦法規定設置並依法取得憑證。另公司經稽徵機關查獲短漏所得稅稅額不超過新臺幣(下同)10萬元或短漏報課稅所得額占全年所得額之比例不超過5%,且非以詐術或其他不正當方法逃漏稅捐者,依財政部83年7月13日台財稅字第831601175號函規定,得視為短漏報情節輕微,仍准適用所得稅法第39條有關前10年虧損扣除之規定。惟特別注意,前述短漏報情節輕微之適用,前提要件是公司未以詐術或其他不正當方法逃漏稅捐。

該局舉例說明,甲公司111年度營利事業所得稅結算申報經會計師查核簽證,原申報全年所得額2億元,並列報前10年核定虧損本年度扣除額1,200萬元。經該局查核發現,甲公司為降低繳稅金額,明知無進貨事實,卻故意向他人取得不實進項憑證並虛列營業成本800萬元,致短漏所得稅稅額160萬元,經剔除補稅並予處罰外,另短漏報課稅所得額800萬元占核定全年所得額2億800萬元之比例雖未超過5%,但甲公司係以不正當方法逃漏稅捐,核無上揭短漏報情節輕微規定之適用,爰否准前10年虧損扣除。

該局特別提醒,營利事業應誠實申報納稅,如以詐術或其他不正當方法逃漏稅捐者,除就所漏稅額依所得稅法相關規定補稅及處罰外,亦不適用前10年虧損扣除之規定。

Scroll to Top

Establishment of a Taiwan Branch by Foreign Entities: Process & Required Documents

1) Phase 1: Pre-operation Preparation and Qualification Review from Abroad

  1. Company Name Reservation and Scope of Business Pre-examination (Administration of Commerce, Ministry of Economic Affairs)
  • Priority must be given to the Chinese translation of the foreign parent company's name. The fixed format must prepend "Foreign Merchant [Nationality of Parent Company]" and append "Taiwan Branch" (e.g., Foreign Merchant ○○ Co., Ltd. Taiwan Branch).
  • Required items :1–3 proposed company names; 2–10 business items (negative list).
  1. Document Preparation for Foreign Parent Company
  • Required Documents :
    • Foreign Corporate Qualification Proof Documents (direct submission of official copies): Certificate of Corporate Qualification, official registration/declaration documents required for anti-money laundering (AML) as mentioned above, register of directors/shareholders, and copies of passports or identification documents of relevant personnel.
    • Foreign Capital Status Declaration: Must be physically signed by all relevant personnel, certifying that they do not hold Mainland China capital status and comply with laws and regulations (if the Person in Charge and the Manager are different people, both must sign separate forms).
    • Power of Attorney (POA): Must be stamped with a page-spanning seal (if different people, the POA must explicitly state the dual authorization text).
  • Direct Submission: Authorized signatories can sign and seal directly, and submit for review "without undergoing any notarization or legalization beforehand." In practice, there is a very high probability of direct approval and issuance of the Phase 1 Supplementation Letter. (Note: If the competent authority randomly checks and requests legalization later, you can then commission a local notary public and verify it through the overseas mission/office.)
  1. Submission of Phase 1 Registration: Requesting the "Operating Capital Supplementation Letter"
  • Process:Submit the approved Name Reservation Form, the identity documents of both parties mentioned above, the POA, and foreign corporate qualification proof documents to the "Administration of Commerce, Ministry of Economic Affairs" for review.
  • Result:Successfully obtain the "Phase 1 Supplementation Letter" from the Ministry of Economic Affairs.

2) Phase 2: Localizing Taiwan Identity and Bank Account Opening

  1. Obtaining the Visa and UI Number
  • Process:Process: The person opening the account in Taiwan (usually the Manager) applies for a Taiwan visa ➔ obtains a valid resident or visitor visa (or relevant entry/exit permit). After entering Taiwan (or via the online system), present the passport and relevant visa to the National Immigration Agency, Ministry of the Interior, to apply for the "Record of UI Number for Foreign Nationals."
  • Note: If the Person in Charge and the Manager are different people, the big boss remaining abroad (Person in Charge A) must still commission a Taiwan agent via paper documents to apply to the Immigration Agency for Person A's own "Record of UI Number." The UI numbers of both individuals must be ready at the time of submission.
  1. Pre-examination of Taipei City Business Premises Address and Signing Lease Agreement
  • Business Premises Address Pre-examination (Department of Urban Development / Building Administration Office): Taipei City strictly enforces land use zoning regulations. Before officially signing a lease agreement, make sure to submit an address pre-examination through the "Taipei City Commercial Office Business Premises Review System" to avoid failing registration later due to non-compliance, which could result in a total loss of high deposits, rent, and decoration costs.
  • Required items :Building Ownership Certificate or Building Registration Transcript (Category 2 Transcript).
  • Signing Lease:Formally sign a contract with the landlord after passing the pre-examination (the lease should state that it is for the branch office's business use).
  • Documents to Obtain:Building owner's consent letter and a copy of the latest house tax bill (or ownership certificate).
  1. Opening a Bank "Preparatory Office" Account for the Branch
  • Account Name:The format is fixed as "Foreign Merchant [Parent Company Name] Co., Ltd. Taiwan Branch Preparatory Office".
  • Required items :Required items: Original copy of the "Supplementation Letter" from the Administration of Commerce, the approved Company Name Reservation Form, original IDs of the account opener (passport, Record of UI Number, relevant visa), (if different people, add Person in Charge A's passport and Record of UI Number), original POA from the parent company explicitly authorizing account opening, parent company foreign corporate qualification proof documents, registers of shareholders/directors, ownership structure chart of ultimate beneficiaries, and the preparatory office small stamp for bank use (usually the Manager's personal stamp if they are different people).

3) Phase 3: Influx of Capital and CPA Certification

  1. Inward Remittance of "Operating Capital" and Foreign Exchange Settlement (Bank)
  • Process:Process: The foreign parent company account remits the operating capital into the preparatory office account in Taiwan.
  • Attention:During foreign exchange settlement, you must request and safely keep the "Inward Remittance Advice" and "Foreign Exchange Purchase Memorandum" (the nature of settlement must be marked as "310 Operating Capital"). The beneficiary name must perfectly match the branch office name.
  • Applying for Balance Certificate:On the day following the deposit of operating capital, apply to the bank for a Certificate of Deposit Balance.
  1. CPA Audit and Certification of Operating Capital
  • Legal Basis:According to Article 5 of the Regulations Governing Certified Public Accountants' Auditing and Certification of Registered Capital of Companies, the establishment of a branch office must be certified by a CPA.

Required items :Required items: Original Bank Certificate of Deposit Balance, copy of the preparatory office bankbook cover, stamped page, and inner pages (including remittance and settlement records), copies of the Inward Remittance Advice and Foreign Exchange Purchase Memorandum, copy of the Ministry of Economic Affairs Supplementation Letter, parent company foreign corporate qualification proof documents, and the branch office establishment registration form.

4) Phase 4: Final Approval and Launch of Daily Operations

  1. Submission of Phase 2 Supplementation ➔ Obtaining the Unified Business Number (UBN)
  • Process:Process: Return the "Inward Remittance Advice," "Foreign Exchange Purchase Memorandum," "CPA Capital Audit Report," along with the Records of UI Number, passports, ID copies of relevant personnel, and physically signed declarations/letters of undertaking to the Ministry of Economic Affairs for supplementation.
  • Result:Result: Officially receive the approval letter for the establishment of the foreign company's Taiwan branch and obtain the Unified Business Number (UBN).
  1. Business Registration (Tax Registration) (National Taxation Bureaus, Ministry of Finance)
  • Process:Process: Apply for tax registration at the local National Taxation Bureau branch or office where the branch is located to obtain the business tax filing status.
  1. Activation of Invoices
  • E-Invoices:Register on the Ministry of Finance's E-Invoice Integrated Service Platform and apply for e-invoice track numbers.
  • Paper Invoices:Apply to the National Taxation Bureau for a "Unified Invoice Purchasing Certificate" to purchase paper invoices.
  • Required items :Required items: Original approval letter from the Administration of Commerce, original company registration form, original tax registration approval letter, original dual IDs of the person in charge, official company stamps (large and small), invoice stamp, etc.
  1. Converting "Preparatory Account" into "Official Company Account" (Bank)
  • Process:Process: The account opener goes to the original bank to officially rename and convert the preparatory office account into an official branch office bank account. Only at this stage can funds be freely utilized.
  • Required items :Required items: Original approval letter from the Ministry of Economic Affairs, original branch office establishment registration form, copy of the tax registration approval letter, dual IDs of the account opener, and official corporate stamps (large and small).
  1. Subsequent Daily Operations Work
  • 14.1 Certification for Administration and Commerce (MOEACA IC Card):Apply at the MOEA Certification Authority for online tax filing, labor/health insurance, e-invoicing, and other operations.
  • 14.2 Import/Export Exporter/Importer Registration:If engaged in trading business, register with the International Trade Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs. According to Article 4 of the Regulations Governing Registration of Exporters and Importers, the English name of the branch must indicate its nationality and branch status (e.g., must include the nationality name and the "Taiwan Branch" text), otherwise it will be rejected.
  • 14.3 Establishing Insured Units:Set up labor insurance, health insurance, and labor pension contribution accounts with the Bureau of Labor Insurance and the National Health Insurance Administration.
  • 14.4 Work Permit and Residency: Apply to the Ministry of Labor for a foreigner work permit for the branch manager. Once obtained, the manager can apply to or change their long-term Alien Residence Certificate (ARC) at the Immigration Agency to legally reside, work, and live in Taiwan.