營利事業賣新建案房地,一定要先確認「起造人身分」!搞錯申報方式,可能被補房地合一稅

一、給建設公司老闆看的版本摘要

高雄國稅局提醒:營利事業出售新建案的房屋土地,申報方式取決於「起造人是誰」:

  • 你是起造人: 恭喜!這筆獲利併入公司年度盈餘,按 20% 營所稅率課
                          稅。
  • 你不是起造人: 抱歉!這筆獲利要走房地合一稅制,依持有期間課 45%
                              / 35% / 20% 的差別稅率。

很多公司誤以為「只要是新建案都能用 20%」,結果被國稅局查出「非起造人」的案件,被迫改用 45% 重算,補繳鉅額稅款。


二、法規重點:何時併入營所得?何時要分開課稅?

依《所得稅法》及《房地合一申報作業要點》,判斷標準非常死板:

情況一:公司自己當起造人 

  • 定義: 公司以自己名義申請建造執照,並辦理建物所有權第一次登記
                (保存登記)。
  • 稅負: 視為一般營業獲利,併入營利事業所得額,適用單一稅率 20%。

情況二:公司不是起造人

  • 定義: 例如與地主合建、與同業合資興建,但起造人掛別家公司或地主
                名字,最後過戶回來再出售。
  • 稅負: 必須走「房地合一稅制」,依持有期間決定稅率:
  • 持有 2 年以內:45% (重稅區)
  • 持有 2~5 年:35%
  • 持有 5 年以上:20%
  • 申報方式: 填寫申報書第 C1-1 頁,採「分開計稅、合併報繳」。

 

三、官方案例拆解:同樣賣新建案,稅金差百萬

案例背景:

甲建設公司在 111 年賣出兩個建案的餘屋,都在 110 年 10 月完工。

  • A 建案: 自地自建,甲公司是起造人。
  • B 建案: 合資興建,起造人不是甲公司。

甲公司原始錯誤申報:

通通併入營所稅,用 20% 計算。

  • A 建案獲利 500 萬 × 20% = 稅額 100 萬。
  • B 建案獲利 400 萬 × 20% = 稅額 80 萬。

國稅局核定補稅結果:

B 建案因為「非起造人」且持有僅 1 年 3 個月(未滿 2 年),被改按 45% 重算。

Item A 建案 (Pass) B 建案 (Fail – 被補稅)
交易所得 500 萬元 400 萬元
起造人身分 是 (甲公司) 否 (非甲公司)
適用稅制 併入營所稅 房地合一分開計稅
持有期間 (不適用) 1 年 3 個月 (未滿 2 年)
適用稅率 20% 45% (暴增)
正確稅額 100 萬元 180 萬元 (400萬×45%)
補徵稅額 0 元 100 萬元 (180萬 – 原報80萬)

 

四、會計師小提醒

  1. 「起造人」是關鍵字

很多不動產開發商直覺認為:「這是我投資蓋的房子,當然算新建案第一次移轉啊!」

但稅法看的是形式上的起造人名義。如果當初為了融資或合建考量,起造人沒掛在自己公司名下,出售時就會落入房地合一的高稅率陷阱。

  1. 合建/合資案的事前規劃

在簽訂合建契約時,請務必與會計師確認「稅務定位」。

如果是合資案件,建議一開始就規劃好起造人配置,或者有心理準備將來出售時要負擔較高的房地合一稅,並將此稅負成本估算進投資報酬率中。

  1. 結算申報時的檢查清單

每年 5 月報稅時,財務部門請務必針對當年度出售的每一筆房地產進行「身分確認」:

  • [  ] 這筆房地是 105 年後取得的嗎?
  • [  ] 建物謄本上的「第一次登記者」是本公司嗎?
  • [  ] 如果不是,持有期間多久?適用的房地合一稅率是多少?
  • [  ] 申報書有沒有填寫 C1-1 頁?

 

五、相關法令整理

法規名稱 相關條文 重點說明
所得稅法 第 24-5 條 營利事業房地合一稅

原則上分開計稅。但若屬「興建房屋完成後第 1 次移轉」,可併入營所稅(20%)。

房地合一課徵所得稅申報作業要點 第 25 點 第 1 次移轉之定義

明確定義所謂「第 1 次移轉」,限於營利事業以其為「起造人」申請建物所有權第 1 次登記者。

 

六、官方新聞稿原文
(以下內容引用自財政部高雄國稅局新聞稿,實際適用仍以主管機關最新公告為準)

營利事業交易105年1月1日以後其興建完成第1次移轉之房屋、土地,應注意申報方式!

營利事業交易於105年1月1日以後其興建完成第1次移轉之房屋及其坐落基地(下稱房屋、土地),若非以其為起造人申請建物所有權登記者,於申報交易所得時,不得併入營利事業所得額計算,應將房屋、土地交易所得依持有期間按差別稅率分開計算應納稅額,再合併申報繳納。

財政部高雄國稅局說明,所得稅法第24條之5規定,營利事業當年度房屋、土地交易所得之計算,以其收入減除相關成本、費用或損失後之餘額為所得額。如屬交易其興建房屋完成後第1次移轉之房屋、土地者,其房屋、土地交易所得應併計營利事業所得額,依當年度適用稅率計算應納稅額,不適用按持有期間課徵差別稅率,分開計算應納稅額。而所稱交易其興建房屋完成後第1次移轉之房屋、土地的適用範圍,依房地合一課徵所得稅申報作業要點第25點規定,是指營利事業以其為起造人申請建物所有權第1次登記所取得的房屋、土地。

該局舉例,甲公司以不動產開發為業,111年8月及同年12月分別出售自地自建之A建築工案房地及與乙公司合資興建之B建築工案房地,各該建築工案均於110年10月取得使用執照,甲公司於辦理111年度營利事業所得稅結算申報時,申報出售房屋、土地所得分別為新臺幣(下同)A工案500萬元及B工案400萬元併入營利事業所得額,按當年度適用稅率20%計算應納稅額。惟查B建築工案非以甲公司為起造人,故甲公司交易B建築工案之房屋、土地交易所得應依持有期間按差別稅率計算應納稅額,再合併申報繳納,故應補徵房地合一稅,而原併計申報營利事業所得額之交易所得乃予以核減,核定情形如下:

  申報 核定
建案名稱 A建案 B建案 A建案 B建案
土地、房屋交易所得 500萬元 400萬元 500萬元 400萬元
起造人 V X
申報方式 合併計稅 合併計稅 分開計稅
持有期間 110.10—111.12

(1年3個月)

適用稅率 20% 20% 45%
應納稅額 180萬元 100萬元 180萬元
應補徵稅額 100萬元

該局再次提醒,營利事業交易105年1月1日以後其興建完成第1次移轉之房屋、土地,應檢視是否符合起造人身分,如未符合者,於辦理交易年度營利事業所得稅結算申報時應填報申報書第C1-1頁,採依持有期間按差別稅率分開計稅、合併報繳方式完納稅捐,以免遭調整補稅。

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Establishment of a Taiwan Branch by Foreign Entities: Process & Required Documents

1) Phase 1: Pre-operation Preparation and Qualification Review from Abroad

  1. Company Name Reservation and Scope of Business Pre-examination (Administration of Commerce, Ministry of Economic Affairs)
  • Priority must be given to the Chinese translation of the foreign parent company's name. The fixed format must prepend "Foreign Merchant [Nationality of Parent Company]" and append "Taiwan Branch" (e.g., Foreign Merchant ○○ Co., Ltd. Taiwan Branch).
  • Required items :1–3 proposed company names; 2–10 business items (negative list).
  1. Document Preparation for Foreign Parent Company
  • Required Documents :
    • Foreign Corporate Qualification Proof Documents (direct submission of official copies): Certificate of Corporate Qualification, official registration/declaration documents required for anti-money laundering (AML) as mentioned above, register of directors/shareholders, and copies of passports or identification documents of relevant personnel.
    • Foreign Capital Status Declaration: Must be physically signed by all relevant personnel, certifying that they do not hold Mainland China capital status and comply with laws and regulations (if the Person in Charge and the Manager are different people, both must sign separate forms).
    • Power of Attorney (POA): Must be stamped with a page-spanning seal (if different people, the POA must explicitly state the dual authorization text).
  • Direct Submission: Authorized signatories can sign and seal directly, and submit for review "without undergoing any notarization or legalization beforehand." In practice, there is a very high probability of direct approval and issuance of the Phase 1 Supplementation Letter. (Note: If the competent authority randomly checks and requests legalization later, you can then commission a local notary public and verify it through the overseas mission/office.)
  1. Submission of Phase 1 Registration: Requesting the "Operating Capital Supplementation Letter"
  • Process:Submit the approved Name Reservation Form, the identity documents of both parties mentioned above, the POA, and foreign corporate qualification proof documents to the "Administration of Commerce, Ministry of Economic Affairs" for review.
  • Result:Successfully obtain the "Phase 1 Supplementation Letter" from the Ministry of Economic Affairs.

2) Phase 2: Localizing Taiwan Identity and Bank Account Opening

  1. Obtaining the Visa and UI Number
  • Process:Process: The person opening the account in Taiwan (usually the Manager) applies for a Taiwan visa ➔ obtains a valid resident or visitor visa (or relevant entry/exit permit). After entering Taiwan (or via the online system), present the passport and relevant visa to the National Immigration Agency, Ministry of the Interior, to apply for the "Record of UI Number for Foreign Nationals."
  • Note: If the Person in Charge and the Manager are different people, the big boss remaining abroad (Person in Charge A) must still commission a Taiwan agent via paper documents to apply to the Immigration Agency for Person A's own "Record of UI Number." The UI numbers of both individuals must be ready at the time of submission.
  1. Pre-examination of Taipei City Business Premises Address and Signing Lease Agreement
  • Business Premises Address Pre-examination (Department of Urban Development / Building Administration Office): Taipei City strictly enforces land use zoning regulations. Before officially signing a lease agreement, make sure to submit an address pre-examination through the "Taipei City Commercial Office Business Premises Review System" to avoid failing registration later due to non-compliance, which could result in a total loss of high deposits, rent, and decoration costs.
  • Required items :Building Ownership Certificate or Building Registration Transcript (Category 2 Transcript).
  • Signing Lease:Formally sign a contract with the landlord after passing the pre-examination (the lease should state that it is for the branch office's business use).
  • Documents to Obtain:Building owner's consent letter and a copy of the latest house tax bill (or ownership certificate).
  1. Opening a Bank "Preparatory Office" Account for the Branch
  • Account Name:The format is fixed as "Foreign Merchant [Parent Company Name] Co., Ltd. Taiwan Branch Preparatory Office".
  • Required items :Required items: Original copy of the "Supplementation Letter" from the Administration of Commerce, the approved Company Name Reservation Form, original IDs of the account opener (passport, Record of UI Number, relevant visa), (if different people, add Person in Charge A's passport and Record of UI Number), original POA from the parent company explicitly authorizing account opening, parent company foreign corporate qualification proof documents, registers of shareholders/directors, ownership structure chart of ultimate beneficiaries, and the preparatory office small stamp for bank use (usually the Manager's personal stamp if they are different people).

3) Phase 3: Influx of Capital and CPA Certification

  1. Inward Remittance of "Operating Capital" and Foreign Exchange Settlement (Bank)
  • Process:Process: The foreign parent company account remits the operating capital into the preparatory office account in Taiwan.
  • Attention:During foreign exchange settlement, you must request and safely keep the "Inward Remittance Advice" and "Foreign Exchange Purchase Memorandum" (the nature of settlement must be marked as "310 Operating Capital"). The beneficiary name must perfectly match the branch office name.
  • Applying for Balance Certificate:On the day following the deposit of operating capital, apply to the bank for a Certificate of Deposit Balance.
  1. CPA Audit and Certification of Operating Capital
  • Legal Basis:According to Article 5 of the Regulations Governing Certified Public Accountants' Auditing and Certification of Registered Capital of Companies, the establishment of a branch office must be certified by a CPA.

Required items :Required items: Original Bank Certificate of Deposit Balance, copy of the preparatory office bankbook cover, stamped page, and inner pages (including remittance and settlement records), copies of the Inward Remittance Advice and Foreign Exchange Purchase Memorandum, copy of the Ministry of Economic Affairs Supplementation Letter, parent company foreign corporate qualification proof documents, and the branch office establishment registration form.

4) Phase 4: Final Approval and Launch of Daily Operations

  1. Submission of Phase 2 Supplementation ➔ Obtaining the Unified Business Number (UBN)
  • Process:Process: Return the "Inward Remittance Advice," "Foreign Exchange Purchase Memorandum," "CPA Capital Audit Report," along with the Records of UI Number, passports, ID copies of relevant personnel, and physically signed declarations/letters of undertaking to the Ministry of Economic Affairs for supplementation.
  • Result:Result: Officially receive the approval letter for the establishment of the foreign company's Taiwan branch and obtain the Unified Business Number (UBN).
  1. Business Registration (Tax Registration) (National Taxation Bureaus, Ministry of Finance)
  • Process:Process: Apply for tax registration at the local National Taxation Bureau branch or office where the branch is located to obtain the business tax filing status.
  1. Activation of Invoices
  • E-Invoices:Register on the Ministry of Finance's E-Invoice Integrated Service Platform and apply for e-invoice track numbers.
  • Paper Invoices:Apply to the National Taxation Bureau for a "Unified Invoice Purchasing Certificate" to purchase paper invoices.
  • Required items :Required items: Original approval letter from the Administration of Commerce, original company registration form, original tax registration approval letter, original dual IDs of the person in charge, official company stamps (large and small), invoice stamp, etc.
  1. Converting "Preparatory Account" into "Official Company Account" (Bank)
  • Process:Process: The account opener goes to the original bank to officially rename and convert the preparatory office account into an official branch office bank account. Only at this stage can funds be freely utilized.
  • Required items :Required items: Original approval letter from the Ministry of Economic Affairs, original branch office establishment registration form, copy of the tax registration approval letter, dual IDs of the account opener, and official corporate stamps (large and small).
  1. Subsequent Daily Operations Work
  • 14.1 Certification for Administration and Commerce (MOEACA IC Card):Apply at the MOEA Certification Authority for online tax filing, labor/health insurance, e-invoicing, and other operations.
  • 14.2 Import/Export Exporter/Importer Registration:If engaged in trading business, register with the International Trade Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs. According to Article 4 of the Regulations Governing Registration of Exporters and Importers, the English name of the branch must indicate its nationality and branch status (e.g., must include the nationality name and the "Taiwan Branch" text), otherwise it will be rejected.
  • 14.3 Establishing Insured Units:Set up labor insurance, health insurance, and labor pension contribution accounts with the Bureau of Labor Insurance and the National Health Insurance Administration.
  • 14.4 Work Permit and Residency: Apply to the Ministry of Labor for a foreigner work permit for the branch manager. Once obtained, the manager can apply to or change their long-term Alien Residence Certificate (ARC) at the Immigration Agency to legally reside, work, and live in Taiwan.